Vasilikos

Eisagvgika gia tis Mpataries

1 . Kathgoriopoihsh

Oi mpataries mporoyn na tajinomhuoyn se treis megales kathgories: Mpataries Iontvn Liuioy, Mpataries
nikelioy - ydridioy metalloy kai Alkalikes mpataries.

A. Oi mpataries iontvn liuioy (merikes fores Li-ion h LIB) einai mia oikogeneia apo diaforoys typoys
epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn stis opoies ta ionta liuioy metakinoyntai apo to arnhtiko pros to uetiko
hlektrodio kata thn diarkeia ths ekkenvshs kai pisv kata thn diarkeia ths fortishs. H xhmikh systash,
h apodosh kai ta xarakthristika asfaleias diaferoyn metajy tvn diaforvn typvn mpatarivn LIB. Se
antiuesh me tis mpataries liuioy mias xrhshs, oi hlektroxhmikes mpataries iontvn liuioy xrhsimopoioyn
vs yliko hlektrodivn mia paremballomenh xhmikh envsh liuioy anti tvn hlektrodivn apo metallo liuioy.
Oi mpataries iontvn liuioy einai koines sta hlektronika eidh eyreias katanalvshs. Prokeitai gia ena apo
ta pio dhmofilh eidh epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn stis forhtes hlektronikes syskeyes, me mia apo tis
kalyteres sympyknvseis energeias xvris to fainomeno ths mnhmhs kai mono me mikrh apvleia isxyos otan
einai se axrhsia. Pera apo ta hlektronika hdh eyreias katanalvshs, oi mpataries iontvn liuioy (LIB) exoyn
ayjanomenh dhmotikothta ston Strato, sta hlektrika Oxhmata kai tis aerodiasthmikes efarmoges. H
synexomenh ereyna gia thn ejelijh tvn mpatarivn iontvn liuioy dinei emfash sthn ayjhsh ths xvrhtikothtas
ths energeias se kaue mpataria, sthn anuektikothta, sto kostos kai sthn esvterikh asfaleia xrhshs.

B. Oi Alkalikes mpataries einai enas typos mpatarivn mias xrhshs poy h leitoyrgias toys basizetai sthn
antidrash metajy toy ceydargyroy kai toy diojeidioy toy magganioy (Zn / MnO2). Mia epanafortizomenh
Alkalikh mpataria epitrepei thn epanaxrhsimopoihsh eidika sxediasmenvn kyttarvn.
Se sygkrish me tis mpataries ceydargyroy-anuraka toy typoy Leclanché h Xlvrioyxoy ceydargyroy, oi
Alkalikes mpataries exoyn ychloterh energeiakh pyknothta kai megalyterh diarkeia zvhs, diathrvntas thn
idia tash. Oi mpataries ojeidioy toy argyroy se morfh koympioy exoyn ychloterh energeiakh pyknothta
kai xvrhtikothta apo tis alkalikes mpataries, alla poly ychlotero kostos kataskeyhs.
H Alkalikes mpataries pairnoyn to onoma toys epeidh periexoyn alkaliko hlektrolyth ydrojeidioy toy kalioy
anti toy ojinoy xlvrioyxoy ammvnioy h toy xlvrioyxoy ceydargyroy poy exoyn vs hlektrolyth oi mpataries
ceydargyroy-anuraka. Alla systhmata mpatarivn xrhsimopoioyn alkaliko hlektrolyth alla xrhsimopoioyn
diaforetika energa ylika gia ta hlektrodia.

G. Oi mpataries Nikelioy-Ydridioy Metalloy, se syntomografia NiMH h Ni-MH, einai enas akoma typos
epanafortizomenhs mpatarias. Einai paromoies me tis epanafortizomenes mpataries Nikelioy-Kadmioy (NiCd).
Oi NiMH xrhsimopoioyn uetika hlektrodia apo ojy-ydrojeidio toy nikelioy (Ni-OOH), opvs kai oi NiCd alla
sto arnhtiko hlektrodio xrhsimopoieitai ena krama aporrofhshs Ydrogonoy anti toy kadmioy. Mia mpataria
NiMH mporei na exei dyo evs treis fores perissoterh xvrhtikothta apo mia isodynamoy megeuoys mpataria
NiCd kai h energeiakh ths pyknothta plhsiazei ekeinh tvn mpatarivn Iontvn Liuioy.
H typikh eidikh energeia gia tis mikres mpataries NiMH einai peripoy 100Wh/kg kai gia tis megalyteres mpataries
NiMH einai peripoy 75Wh/kg (270Kj/Kg). Ayth h epidosh einai shmantika kalyterh apo thn antistoixh
(40-60Wh/kg) tvn epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn NiCd kai paromoia me ayth (100-160Wh/kg) tvn epanafortizomenvn
mpatarivn Iontvn Liuioy. Oi mpataries NiMH exoyn mia ogkometrikh energeiakh pyknothta peripoy 300Wh/L
(1080Mj/m�), shmantika kalyterh apo thn antistoixh tvn mpatarivn NiCd (50-150Wh/L) kai paromoia me
ayth tvn mpatarivn Iontvn Liuioy (250-360Wh/L).
Oi mpataries NiMH exoyn antikatasthsei tis mpataries NiCd se polloys roloys alla kyrivs stis mikroy megeuoys
epanafortizomenes mpataries. Oi mpataries NiMH einai poly synhuismenes sto megeuos "AA" kai exoyn onomastikh
xvrhtikothta fortioy poy kymainetai apo 1100mAh evs kai 3100mAh sta 1,2volt. H metrhsh ginetai symfvna
me thn ekkenvsh ths mpatarias se 5 vres. H vfelimh xvrhtikothta ekfortishs einai mia fuinoysa synarthsh toy
posostoy ekkenvshs alla mexri to pososto ths tajhs toy 1xC (plhrhs ekkenvsh se mia vra), den diaferei shmantika
apo thn onomastikh xvrhtikothta.
Oi mpataries NiMH leitoyrgoyn kanonika sta 1,2volt ana stoixeio, kapvs xamhlotera apo tis symbatikes mpataries
poy leitoyrgoyn sta 1,5volt ana stoixeio. Oi perissoteres syskeyes poy exoyn sxediastei gia aythn thn tash
ua leitoyrghsoyn kanonika.
Peripoy to 22% tvn forhtvn epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn poy poylhuhkan sthn Iapvnia to 2010 htan NiMH.
Sthn Elbetia to 2009 to antistoixo statistiko htan peripoy 60%. To pososto ayto exei meivuei me thn parodo
toy xronoy logv ths ayjhshs paragvghs mpatarivn Iontvn Liuioy. To 2000 sxedon to hmisy tvn epanafortizomenvn
mpatarivn poy pvloyntan sthn Iapvnia htan NiMH.
Ena shmantiko meionekthma tvn mpatarivn NiMH einai to ychlo pososto ayto-apofortishs. Mia mpataria NiMH
ua xasei to 3% toy fortioy ths thn prvth ebdomada ths apouhkeyshs ths. To 2005 anaptyxuhke enas typos
epanafortizomenhs mpatarias NiMH me xamhlo deikth ayto-apofortishs me thn onomasia LSD. Oi mpataries
LSD NiMH meivnoyn shmantika to pososto ths ayto-apofortish alla me kostos thn meivsh ths dynamikothtas
evs kai 20%.

2. Typoi Mpatarivn

3. Shmeivseis gia tis mpataries

* H tash olvn tvn perissotervn epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn einai 3,7v - 4,2v .
Ean syndeuoyn se seira h synolikh tash ua prosteuei. Ean syndeuoyn parallhla, h synolikh tash
ua parameinei sta 3,7v - 4,2v (Shmeivsh: o TM11 xrhsimopoiei 4 mpataries 18650 kai h synolikh toy
tash einai 4,2v. Ean xrhsimopoiei 8 mpataries CR123 h synolikh tash ua einai 6v (Ejaitias sxediastikvn
periorismvn o TM11 den dexetai mpataries RCR123).

* Oles h mh epanafortizomenes mpataries exoyn tash 3V

* H tash tvn Alkalikvn mpatarivn einai 1,5v kai tvn epanafortizomenvn mpatarivn NiMH einai 1,2v

* H fvteinothta enos fakoy ejartate kai apo thn tash tvn mpatarivn

* Antistoixies metajy mpatarivn symfvna me ton kvdiko toys: AA=14500, CR123A=16340, CR123A*2=18650
(Prosoxh ! H mpataria 14500 den einai symbath me ta proionta NITECORE poy dexontai 2xAA mpataries.)

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